CPOE KPIs & Reporting

KPI Definitions

KPI-CPOE-001: CPOE Adoption Rate

Description: Percentage of all orders entered electronically through CPOE vs. total orders (including verbal, paper, fax).

Formula:

CPOE Adoption Rate (%) =
  COUNT(medication_orders WHERE order_source IN ('direct', 'order_set'))
  + COUNT(laboratory_orders WHERE order_source IN ('direct', 'order_set'))
  + COUNT(imaging_orders WHERE order_source IN ('direct', 'order_set'))
  /
  COUNT(medication_orders) + COUNT(laboratory_orders) + COUNT(imaging_orders)
  × 100

Data Sources:

medication_orders.order_source
laboratory_orders.order_source
imaging_orders.order_source

Filters: Date range, department, provider, order type (medication / lab / imaging)

Benchmark	Target	Source
Academic medical centres	92–98%	PubMed literature
Community hospitals	85–95%	PubMed literature
HIS target	≥ 95%	DOH/DHA EHR mandate

Visualisation: Line chart (trend over time by month), with department-level bar chart drill-down.

Monitoring: Monthly reporting; providers with < 80% CPOE use identified for targeted education.

KPI-CPOE-002: CDS Alert Override Rate

Description: Percentage of clinical decision support alerts overridden by providers, stratified by alert type and severity. A high overall override rate suggests alert fatigue; a high override rate on severe alerts is a safety concern.

Formula:

Alert Override Rate (%) =
  COUNT(clinical_alerts WHERE alert_response = 'overridden')
  /
  COUNT(clinical_alerts WHERE alert_response IS NOT NULL)
  × 100

Inappropriate Override Rate (%) =

  COUNT(clinical_alerts WHERE alert_response = 'overridden'
        AND post_review_classification = 'inappropriate')
  /
  COUNT(clinical_alerts WHERE alert_response = 'overridden')
  × 100

Data Sources:

clinical_alerts.alert_type
clinical_alerts.severity
clinical_alerts.alert_response
clinical_alerts.override_reason_code

Stratification: By alert type, severity, provider role, department, time of day

Metric	Target	Benchmark Source
Overall override rate	< 65%	PubMed: ED average is 63.77%
Inappropriate override rate	< 10%	Institutional safety target
Allergy alert override rate	< 5%	PubMed: lowest override category
Contraindicated (hard-stop) override rate	0% (blocked)	System-enforced

Visualisation: Stacked bar chart (override vs. accepted by alert type); trend line (monthly); heat map (by severity × response).

KPI-CPOE-003: Order Turnaround Time

Description: Time from order signing to downstream action (pharmacy verification, specimen collection, imaging completion). Measures operational efficiency of the order fulfilment pipeline.

Formulas:

Pharmacy Verification TAT =
  AVG(pending_pharmacy_queue.verified_datetime - pending_pharmacy_queue.received_datetime)
  WHERE queue_status = 'verified'

Lab Result TAT =
  AVG(laboratory_orders.result_datetime - laboratory_orders.signed_datetime)
  WHERE order_status = 'completed'

Imaging Report TAT =
  AVG(imaging_orders.report_datetime - imaging_orders.signed_datetime)
  WHERE order_status = 'completed'

Data Sources:

pending_pharmacy_queue.received_datetime, .verified_datetime
laboratory_orders.signed_datetime, .result_datetime
imaging_orders.signed_datetime, .report_datetime

Targets:

Order Type	Priority	Target TAT	Benchmark
Pharmacy verification	STAT	< 15 min	12 min median
Pharmacy verification	Routine	< 4 hours	2.5 h median
Lab result	STAT	< 1 hour	45 min median
Lab result	Routine	< 4 hours	2 h median
Imaging report	STAT X-ray	< 1 hour	35 min median
Imaging report	STAT CT	< 2 hours	90 min median
Imaging report	Routine MRI	< 24 hours	18 h median

Visualisation: Box-and-whisker plot (TAT distribution by priority); trend line (median TAT by week); SLA compliance gauge (% within target).

KPI-CPOE-004: Medication Error Rate

Description: Rate of medication-related errors detected by CDS, pharmacist review, or incident reporting, normalised per 1,000 orders.

Formula:

Medication Error Rate (per 1,000 orders) =
  (COUNT(clinical_alerts WHERE alert_type IN ('drug-allergy', 'drug-drug', 'dose-range')
        AND alert_response = 'cancelled')
  + COUNT(pending_pharmacy_queue WHERE queue_status = 'rejected')
  + COUNT(incident_reports WHERE category = 'medication_error' AND source_module = 'cpoe'))
  /
  COUNT(medication_orders)
  × 1000

Data Sources:

clinical_alerts.alert_type, .alert_response
pending_pharmacy_queue.queue_status, .rejection_reason
incident_reports (external table — EHR module)
medication_orders (denominator)

Targets:

Metric	Pre-CPOE Benchmark	Post-CPOE Target	Evidence
Overall medication errors	5.92% of orders	< 1.5% of orders	PubMed: 76% reduction
Wrong dose errors	8%	< 3%	PubMed: 62.5% reduction
Drug-allergy violations	2%	< 0.2%	PubMed: 90% reduction
Illegible prescription errors	15%	0%	Eliminated by design

Visualisation: Bar chart (error rate by type, pre vs. post CPOE); trend line (monthly error rate); Pareto chart (top error categories).

KPI-CPOE-005: Controlled Substance Compliance Rate

Description: Percentage of controlled substance orders that fully comply with UAE Federal Decree-Law 30/2021 and UEP requirements.

Formula:

CS Compliance Rate (%) =
  COUNT(medication_orders
    WHERE is_controlled_substance = TRUE
    AND uep_submission_status = 'approved'
    AND dual_verification_by IS NOT NULL  -- for CDa
    AND prescriber_controlled_auth = TRUE)
  /
  COUNT(medication_orders WHERE is_controlled_substance = TRUE)
  × 100

Non-Compliance Indicators:

UEP Rejection Rate =
  COUNT(medication_orders WHERE uep_submission_status = 'rejected')
  / COUNT(medication_orders WHERE is_controlled_substance = TRUE) × 100

Self-Prescribing Attempts =
  COUNT(order_audit_log WHERE action = 'created'
    AND notes LIKE '%self-prescribe-blocked%')

Telehealth CS Attempts =
  COUNT(order_audit_log WHERE action = 'created'
    AND notes LIKE '%telehealth-cs-blocked%')

Data Sources:

medication_orders.is_controlled_substance, .controlled_class, .uep_submission_status, .prescriber_controlled_auth, .dual_verification_by
order_audit_log (blocked attempt tracking)
controlled_substance_inventory (inventory compliance)

Targets:

Metric	Target
Overall CS compliance rate	100%
UEP rejection rate	< 2%
Self-prescribing attempts blocked	100% blocked
Telehealth CS attempts blocked	100% blocked
CDa dual verification rate	100%
Monthly MOH report submission (on time)	100%

Visualisation: Compliance gauge (100% target); trend line; non-compliance incident table with drill-down.

KPI-CPOE-006: Imaging Appropriateness Rate

Description: Percentage of imaging orders that align with ACR Appropriateness Criteria, indicating appropriate utilisation and reduced unnecessary radiation exposure.

Formula:

Imaging Appropriateness Rate (%) =
  COUNT(imaging_orders WHERE appropriateness_score IN ('appropriate', 'may-be-appropriate'))
  /
  COUNT(imaging_orders WHERE appropriateness_score IS NOT NULL)
  × 100

Inappropriate Override Rate (%) =
  COUNT(imaging_orders WHERE appropriateness_score = 'usually-not-appropriate'
    AND order_status != 'cancelled')
  /
  COUNT(imaging_orders WHERE appropriateness_score = 'usually-not-appropriate')
  × 100

Data Sources:

imaging_orders.appropriateness_score
imaging_orders.order_status
clinical_alerts (appropriateness alerts and responses)

Target: ≥ 90% appropriate or may-be-appropriate

Visualisation: Donut chart (appropriate / may be / not appropriate); trend line by month; drill-down by modality and ordering department.

KPI-CPOE-007: Order Documentation Quality Score

Description: Completeness and accuracy of order documentation, measured across required fields.

Formula:

Documentation Quality Score (%) =
  SUM(completed_required_fields across all orders)
  /
  SUM(total_required_fields across all orders)
  × 100

Required fields assessed (medication orders):

Dose: populated ✓
Dose unit: populated ✓
Route: populated ✓
Frequency: populated ✓
Clinical indication (ICD-10-AM): populated ✓
Sig (directions): populated ✓
Duration (if not "until discontinued"): populated ✓

Targets:

Metric	Pre-CPOE	Post-CPOE Target	Evidence
Documentation completeness	66.7%	100%	PubMed: electronic orders are 100% complete by design
ICD-10-AM indication coverage	~50%	≥ 95%	Institutional goal

Visualisation: Gauge (target 100%); bar chart by field (which fields most often incomplete).

Standard Reports

RPT-CPOE-001: CPOE Adoption Dashboard

Description: Executive summary of CPOE utilisation across the organisation. Audience: CMO, Department Chairs, Clinical Informatics Frequency: Monthly Content: CPOE adoption rate by department, provider adoption league table, verbal order ratio, order set utilisation.

RPT-CPOE-002: CDS Alert Effectiveness Report

Description: Analysis of CDS alert firing rates, override patterns, and clinical outcomes. Audience: CDS Committee, Pharmacy Director, CMO Frequency: Monthly Content: Alert volume by type, override rates by severity, top-10 most overridden alerts, inappropriate override incidents, recommendations for alert tuning.

RPT-CPOE-003: Order Turnaround Time Report

Description: Operational performance of the order fulfilment pipeline. Audience: Pharmacy Director, Lab Director, Radiology Director, Nursing Leadership Frequency: Weekly Content: TAT by priority and order type, SLA compliance percentages, bottleneck identification, trend analysis.

RPT-CPOE-004: Controlled Substance Activity Report

Description: Comprehensive summary of all controlled substance prescribing, dispensing, and inventory. Audience: Pharmacy Director, Compliance Officer, CMO (also submitted to MOH monthly for CDa, quarterly for CDb) Frequency: Monthly (CDa), Quarterly (CDb) Content: Prescriptions by schedule, top prescribers, UEP submission/approval/rejection counts, inventory movements, disposal events, discrepancies.

RPT-CPOE-005: Medication Safety Report

Description: Summary of medication-related safety events identified through CPOE and CDS. Audience: Patient Safety Committee, CMO, Quality Department Frequency: Monthly Content: Error rate trends, near-miss events (CDS-prevented), pharmacist interventions, ADR reports submitted to EDE.

RPT-CPOE-006: NABIDH/Malaffi Data Quality Report

Description: Metrics on data submission quality to HIE platforms. Audience: IT Director, Integration Team, Compliance Frequency: Weekly Content: Message delivery rate, field completeness, SNOMED/LOINC mapping rates, rejection rates, timeliness metrics.

RPT-CPOE-007: Provider Order Pattern Report

Description: Individual and comparative prescribing patterns to identify outliers and best practices. Audience: Department Chairs, Medical Staff Committee Frequency: Quarterly Content: Orders per provider, formulary adherence, CDS override rates per provider, controlled substance prescribing volume, order set utilisation.

Dashboard Wireframes

Executive CPOE Dashboard

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  CPOE Executive Dashboard                            Period: Jan 2026  │
├────────────────────┬────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┤
│  CPOE Adoption     │  CDS Override Rate │  CS Compliance               │
│  ┌──────────┐      │  ┌──────────┐      │  ┌──────────┐               │
│  │   96.2%  │ ▲1.3%│  │   58.4%  │ ▼2.1%│  │  100.0%  │ ─            │
│  │  ◉ Target│ 95%  │  │  ◉ Target│ <65% │  │  ◉ Target│ 100%         │
│  └──────────┘      │  └──────────┘      │  └──────────┘               │
├────────────────────┴────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────┤
│  Order Volume by Type (Jan 2026)                                       │
│  ╔═════════════════════════════════════════╗                           │
│  ║ Medications: ████████████████ 12,450    ║                           │
│  ║ Lab Orders:  ██████████████████ 18,320  ║                           │
│  ║ Imaging:     ██████ 4,280               ║                           │
│  ╚═════════════════════════════════════════╝                           │
├────────────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Turnaround Time (Median)         │  Alert Override by Type            │
│  Pharmacy STAT: 11 min ✓          │  Drug-Allergy:  ██ 3.2%           │
│  Pharmacy Routine: 2.1 hr ✓      │  Drug-Drug:     ████████ 68.5%    │
│  Lab STAT: 42 min ✓              │  Dose Range:    ██████ 52.3%      │
│  Lab Routine: 1.8 hr ✓          │  Duplicate:     ████ 41.0%        │
│  Imaging STAT: 33 min ✓          │  Formulary:     ██████████ 78.1%  │
├────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Medication Error Rate (per 1,000 orders)                              │
│  Jan: 8.2 → Feb: 7.1 → Mar: 5.4 → Apr: 4.8 → ... → Jan 2026: 2.3  │
│  ────────────────────────────────────────── Target: < 15 ───────────  │
│  [View Full Report] [Export PDF] [Schedule Email]                      │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Pharmacy Queue Dashboard

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Pharmacy Verification Queue                     Live — Auto-refresh   │
├──────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┬────────────────────────────┤
│  🔴 STAT (3) │  🟡 ASAP (7) │  🟢 Rtn (42) │  🔒 Controlled (5)       │
├──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                         │
│  ⏱ Order#  Patient        Medication         Priority  Waiting  Action │
│  ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│
│  ⏱ 12:04  ORD-789  A. Al-Maktoum  Enoxaparin 80mg SC  STAT   12m  [V]│
│  ⏱ 08:31  ORD-456  F. Hassan      Vancomycin 1g IV    STAT   41m  [V]│
│  ⏱ 03:15  ORD-321  M. Abdullah    Heparin drip IV     STAT   3m   [V]│
│  ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────│
│  🔒 ORD-999  B. Al-Nahyan  Tramadol 50mg PO    CDa    8m   [Dual-V] │
│  🔒 ORD-998  K. Saeed      Diazepam 5mg PO     CDa    22m  [Dual-V] │
│                                                                         │
│  Today's Stats: Verified: 156 | Avg TAT: 18 min | SLA Met: 94.2%     │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Report Data Source Mapping

Report	Primary Tables	Key Fields	Filters
RPT-CPOE-001	`medication_orders`, `laboratory_orders`, `imaging_orders`	`order_source`, `order_datetime`, `ordering_provider_id`	Date, department, provider
RPT-CPOE-002	`clinical_alerts`	`alert_type`, `severity`, `alert_response`, `override_reason_code`	Date, alert type, provider
RPT-CPOE-003	`pending_pharmacy_queue`, `laboratory_orders`, `imaging_orders`	`received_datetime`, `verified_datetime`, `result_datetime`, `report_datetime`	Date, priority, order type
RPT-CPOE-004	`medication_orders`, `controlled_substance_inventory`, `order_audit_log`	`controlled_class`, `uae_legal_schedule`, `uep_submission_status`, `transaction_type`	Date, schedule, facility
RPT-CPOE-005	`clinical_alerts`, `pending_pharmacy_queue`, `incident_reports`	`alert_response`, `queue_status`, `rejection_reason`	Date, error type
RPT-CPOE-006	`order_audit_log` (NABIDH/Malaffi events)	`action`, `action_datetime`	Date, message type, status
RPT-CPOE-007	`medication_orders`, `clinical_alerts`, `order_set_executions`	Per-provider aggregations	Date, provider, department